Shipping & Offshore | UK Supreme Court confirms buyer’s entitlement to loss of bargain damages under SALEFORM 2012
The Court confirmed that a buyer may recover loss of bargain damages where the seller’s proven negligence prevents delivery by the Cancelling Date and the buyer elects to cancel. The judgment is consistent with the interpretation generally adopted in the market and provides welcome clarity on the buyer's remedies.
Background and the issue before the Court
The dispute arose from the sale of the vessel Lila Lisbon under a Memorandum of Agreement dated 4 June 2021. The agreement was based on amended SALEFORM 2012 terms, governed by English law. The agreed purchase price was USD 15 million.
Under SALEFORM 2012, the parties specify a Cancelling Date, after which the buyer may cancel if the vessel is not ready for delivery. Under the agreement, the Cancelling Date was 15 October 2021.
The vessel was not ready for delivery by the Cancelling Date. The buyer exercised their contractual right to cancel under clause 14. By then, the vessel’s market value had increased to USD 16.85 million. The buyer therefore claimed USD 1.85 million from the seller, representing the difference between the agreed purchase price and the market value (loss of bargain damages).
Under SALEFORM 2012, clause 14 gives the buyer two related rights: first, the buyer may cancel if the seller fails to give Notice of Readiness or is not ready to complete the transfer by the Cancelling Date. Secondly, if that failure results from proven negligence, the seller is required to:
“make due compensation to the Buyers for their loss and for all expenses together with interest”
The right to compensation applies whether or not the buyer cancels. Cancellation is therefore not a condition for compensation, but it may affect the nature of the loss suffered. If the agreement remains in force, the buyer may suffer losses caused by delay. If the buyer cancels, it also loses the benefit of acquiring the vessel at the agreed price, potentially giving rise to loss of bargain damages.
It was not disputed that the seller’s conduct did not amount to a repudiatory breach — that is, the breach was not sufficiently serious to entitle the buyer to terminate the agreement under English common law.
The buyer instead exercised the separate contractual right to cancel under clause 14. The central question was whether the compensation provision in clause 14 entitled the buyer to recover loss of bargain damages following that cancellation.
Where there is an available market, loss of bargain damages will normally be measured by the difference between the contract price and the market value at the relevant time.
The LMAA tribunal held that clause 14 entitled the buyer to recover that amount. The High Court overturned that decision, holding that, absent a repudiatory breach, the recoverable losses under clause 14 did not include loss of bargain damages. The Court of Appeal reversed and restored the award, holding that the seller was under a positive obligation to use reasonable diligence to tender Notice of Readiness by the Cancelling Date, and that clause 14 extended to loss of bargain damages. The seller appealed to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court’s judgment
The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the Court of Appeal’s interpretation of clause 14. It confirmed that the buyer was entitled to recover loss of bargain damages despite the absence of a repudiatory breach.
The Court began with the wording of clause 14. The requirement to make “due compensation to the Buyers for their loss and for all expenses” was broad enough to cover the financial loss suffered when the buyer cancelled and lost the benefit of acquiring the vessel at the agreed price. When the buyer cancelled, loss of bargain was the most obvious form of loss.
The wider structure and history of SALEFORM supported that interpretation. The corresponding clause 13 allows the seller to recover loss of bargain damages following buyer’s default, and the Court considered that the default mechanisms should operate consistently. Similar wording in earlier versions of SALEFORM had long been understood as covering loss of bargain damages. The Court emphasised the importance of certainty, predictability and consistency when interpreting widely used standard forms.
The Court found the seller’s interpretation commercially unattractive. It would have allowed the seller to retain a vessel worth USD 16.85 million after negligently failing to deliver it for USD 15 million, while leaving the buyer unable to recover the USD 1.85 million increase in value.
Accordingly, the Court held that where proven negligence prevents delivery by the Cancelling Date and the buyer cancels under clause 14, the compensation payable may include loss of bargain damages even though the seller’s breach is not repudiatory.
Practical implications
The judgment confirms that compensation under clause 14 of SALEFORM 2012 may include loss of bargain damages where the buyer cancels following the seller’s proven negligence.
The judgment is an English-law decision and does not automatically apply to SALEFORM 2012 agreements governed by other laws. It may nevertheless have wider significance. Foreign courts may attach considerable weight to the UK Supreme Court’s interpretation of a widely used international standard form, particularly where a consistent interpretation across jurisdictions promotes certainty in the shipping market.
The underlying approach is also familiar in Norwegian law, which generally seeks to place the injured party in the position it would have been in had the contract been performed, including compensation for price differences and lost profits. Although the judgment is not binding in Norway, a Norwegian court would likely attach considerable weight to the UK Supreme Court’s interpretation. In our view, the same result would therefore likely be reached under a SALEFORM 2012 agreement governed by Norwegian law.
In sum, the judgment highlights three practical considerations for the seller:
- Readiness by the Cancelling Date is a material contractual risk in a rising market. The potential exposure may be substantial and should be considered when assessing delivery risk and negotiating the agreement.
- Steps taken to achieve timely delivery should be thoroughly documented. Timely records of class status, crew arrangements, closing documentation, port logistics and other delivery preparations may be critical in rebutting an allegation of negligence.
- Any exclusion or limitation of loss of bargain damages should be addressed expressly. Following the judgment, the starting point under unamended SALEFORM 2012 wording is that such loss may be recoverable.
For the buyer, the judgment raises three corresponding considerations:
- Preserve evidence of the seller’s preparations. The buyer must prove negligence. Evidence concerning the seller’s conduct before the Cancelling Date may be difficult to obtain or reconstruct after the event.
- Document market value and replacement options. The buyer should consider obtaining broker valuations or market reports close to the date of cancellation and recording available replacement vessels and their terms. This may be important in establishing the loss and addressing mitigation.
- Consider carefully whether cancellation is the preferable commercial option. The right to compensation under clause 14 applies whether or not the buyer cancels. In a rising market, the buyer may prefer to maintain the agreement and acquire the vessel rather than cancel and pursue a damages claim.
Finally, SALEFORM 2025, recently adopted by the Norwegian Shipbrokers’ Association and BIMCO, addresses the position expressly. Clause 14(e) provides that compensation following termination due to the seller’s proven negligence “shall include loss of bargain”. The interpretive issue considered in the Lila Lisbon judgment should therefore not arise under the new form. However, parties continuing to contract on SALEFORM 2012 terms should consider incorporating the 2025 formulation by way of a rider clause. This is particularly advisable where the agreement is governed by a law under which the reasoning of the UK Supreme Court may not be followed.


